Related resources
Full-text held externally
Search for item elsewhere
University researcher(s)
Academic department(s)
Extreme Appraisals of Internal States in Bipolar I Disorder: A Multiple Control Group Study
Mansell W, Gemma Paszek, Karen Seal, Rebecca Pedley, Sarah Amelia Jones, Nia Thomas, Helena Mannion, Sari Saatsi, Alyson Dodd
Cognitive Therapy and Research. 2011;35:87-97.
Access to files
Full-text and supplementary files are not available from Manchester eScholar. Full-text is available externally using the following links:
Full-text held externally
Abstract
Background: The Hypomanic Attitudes and Positive Predictions Inventory (HAPPI) is a measure of extreme positive and negative appraisals of internal state that are thought to raise vulnerability to bipolar episodes.Method: It was predicted that individuals with Bipolar I Disorder at risk of relapse (relapsed within the last 2 years; n = 16) would score higher on the HAPPI. Comparison groups were: remitted bipolar disorder who have been relapse-free for two years retrospectively and six months prospectively (n = 14), remitted unipolar depression (n = 22), and non-clinical controls with (n = 16) or without (n = 22) a history of hypomanic episodes. Group differences on the Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale were also assessed. Manic symptoms at baseline and at one-month were assessed using the Internal State Scale.Results: The Bipolar groups scored higher on the HAPPI than the Unipolar group and Non-Clinical group when controlling for age, level of education and differences in manic symptoms. The Bipolar Relapsed group did not differ from the Recovered Bipolar and Non-Clinical Hypomanic groups on mean HAPPI scores, but there was a trend for the combined bipolar group (n = 30) to score higher than the Non-Clinical Hypomanic group on the HAPPI. The Bipolar Relapsed group scored higher on Catastrophic appraisals of internal state than the Non-Clinical Hypomanic group. No group differences were found on the DAS-24 or its subscales. Conclusions: This multiple control group study confirms that self-reported cognitions characterize individuals with bipolar disorder which is consistent with a cognitive behavioural approach to treating bipolar disorder.Key Words: Cognitive therapy; information processing; beliefs; mania