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Chemical Synthesis of a Mimetic Heparanase Inhibitor
[Thesis]. Manchester, UK: The University of Manchester; 2015.
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Abstract
Heparanase (Hpa1) is an enzyme overexpressed in nearly all cancers, typically at the tumour growth front. It cleaves proteoglycan heparan sulfate (HS) chains to release growth factors necessary for tumour growth. While some carbohydrate-based mimetic inhibitors have progressed to advanced clinical trials, new inhibitors and tools to further investigate heparanase are of continued interest. This thesis proposes a HS mimetic trisaccharide sequence that can bind Hpa1 and is suitable both for biological evaluation and inhibitor development. Synthetic work was then undertaken toward the progression of this moiety.Exploring building blocks applicable to the trisaccharide, conformationally-locked glucose derivatives were developed. This included the introduction of a conformational switch that resulted in the isolation of constrained half-chair conformers.The synthetic work toward trisaccharide formation also evaluated the utility of 1,2-cyclohexane-diacetal as a protecting group with glucuronic acid. The disarming qualities of these moieties were assessed, leading to the development of alternate routes. A more linear approach resulted in the formation of important disaccharide building blocks that contribute toward the synthesis of the core trisaccharide, including isolated 1,2-orthoesters.Further development of the chemistry established herein should allow for the formation of the desired core trisaccharide, while contributions have additionally been made toward its tool functionalisation and use in multivalent schemes.