
Overview
- Degree awarded
- Bachelor of Science (BSc)
- Duration
- 3 years
- Typical A-level offer
-
AAA
- Typical contextual A-level offer
-
AABFind out more about contextual admissions.
- Refugee/care-experienced offer
-
Applicants who have been in local authority care for more than three months or have refugee status may be eligible for an offer two grades below the standard requirements.Find out more about contextual admissions.
- Typical International Baccalaureate offer
-
36 points overall. 6,6,6 in Higher Level subjects.
Students without GCSE/iGCSE Maths at grade B (or 6) will need to achieve 5 in any one of the following SL subjects; Maths, Maths Studies, Maths: Analysis and Approaches or Maths: Applications and Interpretation. Alternatively we can accept grade 5 in Middle Years Programme Maths.
Students without GCSE/iGCSE English Language at B (or 6) will need to achieve 5 in SL Language A: English Language and Literature or Language A: Literature. If Language B: English is offered at SL we would need you to achieve a 6.
Applicants studying the International Baccalaureate Career Related Programme (IBCP) should contact the academic School prior to applying so that their academic profile can be considered.
- How to apply
- Apply through UCAS .
- UCAS course code
- GN51
- UCAS institution code
- M20
Course description
Developed in collaboration with leading global blue-chip employers, this course aims to create `the ideal graduate' whose skills cover the challenging middle ground between business and IT.
The uniqueness of the course is recognised by more than 40 employers who maintain its quality and relevance to their sectors.
Accenture, Bank of America, Deloitte, Ford, Fujitsu, IBM, P&G, and many other companies help to deliver the course through project work, student mentoring and a range of professional development activities.
This course is also available with a one-year work placement - see BSc IT Management for Business with Industrial Experience for more information.
Open days
We're continuously reviewing all of our recruitment events on campus, and now offer a blend of in-person and virtual activities.
If you're a prospective student, you can also find out more about student life by chatting with our student ambassadors at a time that suits you, and ask any questions you may have about life at Manchester.
Please check our Coronavirus FAQs for the most up to date information regarding events.
You can also look at our virtual open day content to help you learn more about the University.
Find out more at open days .
Fees
Tuition fees for home students commencing their studies in September 2023 will be £9,250 per annum. Tuition fees for international students will be £29,000 per annum. For general information please see the undergraduate finance pages.
Policy on additional costs
All students should normally be able to complete their programme of study without incurring additional study costs over and above the tuition fee for that programme. Any unavoidable additional compulsory costs totalling more than 1% of the annual home undergraduate fee per annum, regardless of whether the programme in question is undergraduate or postgraduate taught, will be made clear to you at the point of application. Further information can be found in the University's Policy on additional costs incurred by students on undergraduate and postgraduate taught programmes (PDF document, 91KB).
Scholarships/sponsorships
The Manchester Bursary is available to UK students registered on an undergraduate degree course at Alliance MBS who have had a full financial assessment carried out by Student Finance England.
In addition, Alliance MBS will award a range of Social Responsibility Scholarships to UK and international/EU students.
These awards are worth £2,000 per year across three years of study. You must achieve AAA at A-level (or equivalent qualification) and be able to demonstrate a significant contribution and commitment to social responsibility.
The School will also award a number of International Stellar Scholarships to international students achieving AAA at A-level (or equivalent qualification). Applicants who exceed AAA and/or have supplementary qualifications (such as EPQ) will receive additional consideration.
Additional eligibility criteria apply - please see our scholarship pages for full details.
Contact details
- School/Faculty
- Alliance Manchester Business School
- Telephone
- +44 (0)161 306 3425/3401
- ugadmissions.ambs@manchester.ac.uk
- Website
- https://www.alliancembs.manchester.ac.uk/study/undergraduate/bsc-hons-it-management-for-business/
- School/Faculty overview
-
Alliance Manchester Business School was established in 1965 as one of the UK's first two business schools. Today, we are the UK's largest campus-based business and management school, and 'Original Thinking Applied' is at the heart of everything we do. Find out more .
Courses in related subject areas
Use the links below to view lists of courses in related subject areas.
Compare this course
Entry requirements
A-level
Grades AAA. Native language A-Levels are accepted. General Studies is normally accepted if one of four A-Levels passed in the same sitting. In most circumstances we will expect candidates to complete three A-Levels in one sitting to demonstrate the ability to manage a high level and volume of study.
Preferred A-Level subjects
We will consider the subjects you have taken in addition to your individual grades. Due to the popularity of our courses we may prioritise applicants based on the number of preferred subjects that they are studying. We may also take into consideration the combination of subjects taken. Please use the list below to check our preferred subjects for BSc (Hons) IT Management for Business:
Accounting, Business Studies, Computer Science, Economics, English Language/Literature, Geography, Government and Politics, Information Technology, Law, Mathematics/Further Mathematics, Politics, Psychology, Quantitative Methods, Sociology, Software Systems Development and Statistics.
Contextual offer
AS-level
Unit grade information
The University of Manchester welcomes the provision of unit information where available. Like all other information provided by applicants this may be taken into consideration when assessing your application. Unit grades will not normally form part of an offer conditions.
GCSE
Applicants must demonstrate a broad general education including acceptable levels of Literacy and Numeracy, equivalent to at least Grade B or 6 in GCSE/iGCSE English Language and Mathematics. GCSE/iGCSE English Literature will not be accepted in lieu of GCSE/iGCSE English Language.
Please note that if you hold English as a second language iGCSE qualification, we require you to achieve a higher grade in your iGCSE than the one stated above or to offer one of our acceptable equivalent qualifications .
International Baccalaureate
36 points overall. 6,6,6 in Higher Level subjects.
Students without GCSE/iGCSE Maths at grade B (or 6) will need to achieve 5 in any one of the following SL subjects; Maths, Maths Studies, Maths: Analysis and Approaches or Maths: Applications and Interpretation. Alternatively we can accept grade 5 in Middle Years Programme Maths.
Students without GCSE/iGCSE English Language at B (or 6) will need to achieve 5 in SL Language A: English Language and Literature or Language A: Literature. If Language B: English is offered at SL we would need you to achieve a 6.
Applicants studying the International Baccalaureate Career Related Programme (IBCP) should contact the academic School prior to applying so that their academic profile can be considered.
Other international entry requirements
Scottish requirements
Scottish Advanced Highers are normally required in one of the following combinations:
- Three Advanced Highers at grades AAA
- Two Advanced Highers at grades AA and two additional Highers at grades AA
Students without Maths and English language as one of their Higher or Advanced level subjects in the above requirements will need either; National 5 at grade B, Intermediate 2 at grade B or Standard Grade General at grade 3.
We will consider the subjects you have taken in addition to your individual grades. Due to the popularity of our courses we may prioritise applicants based on the number of preferred subjects that they are studying. We may also take into consideration the combination of subjects taken. Please check the individual course profile pages for our list of preferred subjects, you can find this under 'Entry Requirements' and 'Preferred A-Level subjects'. Our preferred Scottish Higher/Advanced Higher subjects are the same as our preferred A-Level subjects.
Welsh Baccalaureate
If you require further clarification about the acceptability of this qualification please contact the academic School(s) you plan to apply to.
European Baccalaureate
AQA Baccalaureate
In making offers, the University will focus on the three A Levels taken within the AQA Baccalaureate. Students need to check the standard A Level requirements for their chosen course.
The units of broader study, enrichment activities and the Extended Project are considered to be valuable elements of the AQA Baccalaureate and we would therefore strongly encourage students to draw upon these experiences within their personal statement.
Foundation year
The University recognises a number of foundation programmes as suitable for entry to this undergraduate programme - please visit the international foundation year pages of our website for details of recognised programmes, including INTO Manchester and NCUK.
Pearson BTEC qualifications
We consider the following BTEC Nationals for entry provided you have studied a subject relevant to the chosen course. Please contact us at ug.ambs@manchester.ac.uk if you wish to check your eligibility.
- Pearson BTEC Level 3 National Extended Diploma at grades D*D*D*
- Pearson BTEC Level 3 National Diploma at grades D*D* plus grade A at A-Level
- Pearson BTEC Level 3 National Extended Certificate at grade D* plus grades AA at A-Level
Please note, we do not accept General Studies as an A-Level option and we do not accept A-Level subjects which are the same as your BTEC qualification.
Please note, the National Diploma and the National Extended Certificate must be studied alongside A-Levels. We are unable to accept combinations of the BTEC qualification.
Legacy BTEC qualifications (pre-2016)
The University of Manchester welcomes applications from students who have achieved legacy BTEC qualifications (pre-2016) such as the BTEC Extended Diploma, BTEC Diploma, BTEC Subsidiary Diploma, and BTEC Certificate. The grades required are likely to be the same or vary similar to the new BTEC qualifications (first teaching 2016, awarded 2018). Please contact us at ug.ambs@manchester.ac.uk if you wish to check your eligibility.
OCR Cambridge Technical qualifications
We consider the following Cambridge Technical qualifications from the 2016 suite for entry provided it is in a subject relevant to the chosen course and studied alongside A-Levels. Please contact us at ug.ambs@manchester.ac.uk if you wish to check your eligibility.
- Cambridge Technical Extended Diploma at grades DDM plus grade A at A-Level
- Cambridge Technical Diploma at grades D*D* plus grade A at A-Level
- Cambridge Technical Foundation Diploma at grades DM plus grades AA at A-Level
- Cambridge Technical Extended Certificate at grade D* plus grades AA at A-Level
Please note, we do not accept the Cambridge Technical Certificate or Cambridge Technical qualifications from the 2012 suite.
Access to HE Diploma
We require a QAA-recognised Access to HE Diploma. The subject of your Access to HE qualification will be taken into consideration when making a decision on your application. Please note, we only accept the Access to HE qualification when studied at a centre in the UK.
60 credits are required with 45 credits at Level 3 at Distinction.
Cambridge Pre-U
We consider applicants offering Pre-U Principal subjects, or a mix of Pre-U and A Level subjects, provided a minimum of three distinct subjects overall is taken. We consider the below combinations.
- D3 D3 D3 over 3 Principal subjects
- D3 D3 over 2 Principal subjects plus grade A at A-Level
- D3 in a Principal subject plus grades AA at A-Level
Please contact us at ug.ambs@manchester.ac.uk if you wish to check your eligibility.
Extended Project Qualification (EPQ)
Core Maths
The University recognises the value of Level 3 Core Mathematics qualifications. Core Mathematics is not a compulsory element of post-16 study and as a result we will not normally include it in the conditions of any offer we make. However, if a student chooses to undertake a core mathematics qualification this may be taken into account when we consider a student's application, particularly for courses with a distinct mathematical or statistical element that does not require A Level Mathematics. Academic Schools may also choose to take a student's performance in Core Mathematics into account should places be available in August for applicants who narrowly miss the entry grades for their chosen course.
Where a course requires applicants to have at least grade 6/B or higher in GCSE Mathematics we would be likely to consider a pass in Core Mathematics at a minimum grade C or B as an alternative way to fulfil this requirement. Where an A Level in Mathematics is required then Core Mathematics will not be accepted in lieu of an A Level.
A Level and GCSE Mathematics requirements for our courses vary according to subject so we advise students to contact the academic School, who will clarify whether a student's portfolio of qualifications is acceptable for entry onto the chosen course.
Home-schooled applicants
Non-standard educational routes
Mature students are some of our most well-equipped learners, bringing skills and attributes gained from work, family and other life experiences. Students come from a whole array of backgrounds, study every kind of course, undertake full-time and part-time learning and are motivated by career intentions as well as personal interest. There is no such thing as a typical mature student at Manchester.
The application process is the same as for other prospective undergraduates. If you require further clarification about the acceptability of the qualifications you hold please contact the academic School(s) you plan to apply to. Further information for mature students can be found here ( http://www.manchester.ac.uk/study/undergraduate/mature-students/ )
English language
All applicants to the University (from the UK and Overseas) are required to show evidence of English Language proficiency. The minimum English Language requirement for this course is either:
- GCSE/iGCSE English Language grade B/6, or;
- IELTS 6.5 overall, with no less than 6 in any individual component, or;
- An acceptable equivalent qualification.
For details on acceptable equivalent qualifications to this course please see Alliance Manchester Business School's English Language information page .
If you hold English as a second language iGCSE qualification, we require you to achieve a higher grade in your iGCSE than the one stated above or to offer one of our acceptable equivalent qualifications.
The UK Visas and Immigration (UKVI) requires that every student from outside the UK and the EU must show evidence of a minimum level of English Language in order to be granted a UK visa (Tier 4 visa) to study at undergraduate or postgraduate level. This level is often referred to as the 'B2 level'. At Alliance Manchester Business School we require a higher English Language proficiency than the B2 level. Further information about the English Language policy at the University can be found here . Details on acceptable English Language tests to this course can be found on Alliance Manchester Business School's English Language information page .
English language test validity
Application and selection
How to apply
Advice to applicants
Mitigating circumstances may be personal or family illness, other family circumstances, change of teachers during a course, problems with school facilities or an unusual curriculum followed by your school or college. We recommend that information on mitigating circumstances that have affected or are likely to affect your academic performance will be included in the referee's report. We cannot usually take into account information that is supplied after an adverse decision has been made on an application by the admitting School. If you encounter mitigating circumstances after you have submitted your application, please inform the admissions staff in the School to which you applied as soon as possible.
Where mitigating circumstances have already been taken into account, for example by the relevant exam board, we will not be able to make further allowances.
Unit grade
The University of Manchester welcomes the provision of unit grade information which, like all other available information, will form the consideration of application.
A*
Alliance Manchester Business School does not issue offers on the Grade A* as standard practice. It may however be taken into account at the point of confirmation to inform decisions on candidates who have narrowly missed the terms of their offer.
A-levels in a native or heritage language
We consider applications holistically taking into consideration the overall educational environment. Where native langue A levels are offered we will consider them in line with other subjects that the student has undertaken.
How your application is considered
Predicted Grades
Strong examination results are the main factor in admitting students to our courses. We consider other information to ensure we admit students with the most outstanding potential. This is assessed within a structured framework and includes prior and predicted grades. Your referee should give realistic grade predications for all qualifications that you are currently studying at the top of their reference. If you attend a non-UK school or college that does not provide predicted grades your referee should explain this policy within their reference. Further guidance for referees is provided by UCAS (www.ucas.com).
Skills, knowledge, abilities, interests
Interview requirements
Returning to education
The University encourages applications from applicants returning to education after employment or other experience. Your application will be considered against the standard entry criteria of the course to which you applied. However, we recognise that standard selection measures and procedures may not enable you to demonstrate fully your suitability for your chosen course. Where appropriate, admissions staff will seek and consider alternative evidence in order to give you equivalent consideration. Where they deem this alternative evidence to meet entry criteria fully, you will not be required to meet the standard academic entry requirements.
Overseas (non-UK) applicants
Deferrals
Policy for applicants who resit their qualifications
Policy for applicants who take their examinations in more than one sitting
Re-applications
Transfers
We are unable to accept any transfers directly into the second or third year due to the assessment and study options followed by our first year students at Alliance Manchester Business School. All undergraduate degree programmes at Alliance Manchester Business School are full degree programmes with a September start and students must commence the programme from year one and meet our entry criteria.
If you are currently studying at The University of Manchester on an alternative course, and wish to transfer to first year study at Alliance Manchester Business School, please contact ug.ambs@manchester.ac.uk to check your eligibility.
Course details
Course description
Developed in collaboration with leading global blue-chip employers, this course aims to create `the ideal graduate' whose skills cover the challenging middle ground between business and IT.
The uniqueness of the course is recognised by more than 40 employers who maintain its quality and relevance to their sectors.
Accenture, Bank of America, Deloitte, Ford, Fujitsu, IBM, P&G, and many other companies help to deliver the course through project work, student mentoring and a range of professional development activities.
This course is also available with a one-year work placement - see BSc IT Management for Business with Industrial Experience for more information.
Aims
Information Technology Management for Business is home to future leaders of the IT industry.
Together with your outstanding fellow students from around the world, you will learn the application of technology within the modern workplace across diverse industries.
Everything on the IT Management for Business course is focused on the application of practice, enabling you to understand the real-life challenges faced by industry.
No previous technology experience is required to join the course, only a passion for harnessing innovation and creativity to improve the management of IT.
Special features
- Complete team projects set by employers such as Procter and Gamble and Credit Suisse.
- Bi-annual on-campus ITMB showcase and recruitment events - present your project work to the likes of Amazon, Bank of America, Fujitsu, JPMorgan Chase and Procter & Gamble, just a small selection of the 40+ employers who support the degree.
- Other events include business challenges, competitions, graduate and placement student panels, and skills sessions delivered by companies such as KPMG, Fujitsu, and Bank of America.
- Selected course units grant exemptions from professional exams.
Teaching and learning
You will normally study four or five course units per semester.
Each week there are usually two hours of lectures for each course unit and a one-hour workshop in alternate weeks, although this varies slightly.
You are expected to double this in private study.
Group work and group or individual presentations will form a regular part of your assignments.
Coursework and assessment
Essays, multiple choice tests, project reports and presentations, in-class tests, and weekly assignments constitute the coursework component of assessment, although the nature and proportion of coursework varies across course units.
The remainder of assessment is by unseen examination.
Depending on the degree course, in your final year you can choose to do a research-based dissertation or project.
We aim to strike a balance between examinations and assessed coursework as well as providing opportunities for feedback on progress through non-assessed work.
Course unit details
You take course units totalling 360 credits over the duration of your studies in order to graduate with Honours (120 credits in each year of study).
Generally, one-semester courses are worth 10 credits and full-year courses are worth 20 credits.
As your studies progress you have increasing flexibility in choosing courses which suit your personal interests and career aspirations.
Course content for year 1
Project work integrates business and IT throughout the degree.
Our current first-year project is supported by Credit Suisse and involves developing an application to solve a real business problem.
In addition to foundation-level course units in IT, you will also study marketing, economics, and work psychology.
By the end of your first year you will have presented your team project to employers at two employer showcases and participated in skills sessions delivered by companies such as KPMG, Fujitsu, and Bank of America.
Course units for year 1
The course unit details given below are subject to change, and are the latest example of the curriculum available on this course of study.
Title | Code | Credit rating | Mandatory/optional |
---|---|---|---|
Economic Principles : Microeconomics | BMAN10001 | 10 | Mandatory |
Principles of Marketing | BMAN10101 | 10 | Mandatory |
Integrative Team Project 1 | BMAN10690 | 20 | Mandatory |
Introduction to Work Psychology | BMAN10872 | 10 | Mandatory |
Software Application Design and Development | BMAN11000 | 20 | Mandatory |
Academic and Professional Practice | BMAN11030 | 10 | Mandatory |
Fundamentals of Data Analytics | BMAN11060 | 20 | Mandatory |
Database Design and Development | BMAN11092 | 10 | Mandatory |
Fundamentals of Information Systems | BMAN11101 | 10 | Mandatory |
Course content for year 2
During your second year of study, you will undertake core course units in Business Analysis, Digital Transformation, User Experience Design, and Data Analytics.
What sets the ITMB course at Manchester apart is our ability to provide you with the opportunity to customise your programme of study to ensure that it fulfils a learning experience that meets your individual goals.
Our current second-year Integrative Team Project is supported by Procter and Gamble, where you will be tasked with the undertaking of a yearlong team consultancy project, the result of which will be displayed to employers at the end of both semesters.
Course units for year 2
The course unit details given below are subject to change, and are the latest example of the curriculum available on this course of study.
Title | Code | Credit rating | Mandatory/optional |
---|---|---|---|
Business Data Analytics | BMAN24621 | 20 | Mandatory |
Business Analysis | BMAN24630 | 20 | Mandatory |
Digital Transformation | BMAN24642 | 10 | Mandatory |
Integrative Team Project 2 | BMAN24650 | 20 | Mandatory |
User Experience Design | BMAN24662 | 10 | Mandatory |
Fundamentals of Finance | BMAN10552 | 10 | Optional |
Fundamentals of Financial Reporting B | BMAN10621B | 10 | Optional |
Fundamentals of Management Accounting | BMAN10632 | 10 | Optional |
Consumer Behaviour | BMAN20271 | 20 | Optional |
Technology, Strategy and Innovation | BMAN20792 | 10 | Optional |
Displaying 10 of 20 course units for year 2 | |||
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Course content for year 3
Your final year provides an in-depth view of data analytics, IT risk, and architecture.
You will gain practical skills in the design and application of business IT architectures through a core unit developed with IBM, which applies a case study from the global technology giant.
You will also undertake your own final-year research project - the development of an IT solution to a business problem which will encompass investigation, requirement analysis, design, and evaluation of your proposed solution.
Previous ITMB students have studied a variety of topics including how large corporations use technology to manage teams across geographic locations and time zones, IT provision in the treatment of diabetes in the NHS, and the implications of the rise in social networking on management.
Course units for year 3
The course unit details given below are subject to change, and are the latest example of the curriculum available on this course of study.
Title | Code | Credit rating | Mandatory/optional |
---|---|---|---|
ITMB Final Year Project | BMAN31260 | 40 | Mandatory |
Business IT Architecture | BMAN32141 | 10 | Mandatory |
Data Analytics with Progamming Tools | BMAN32200 | 20 | Mandatory |
IT Risk, Cybersecurity and Governance | BMAN32232 | 10 | Mandatory |
Marketing Strategy | BMAN31302 | 20 | Optional |
Services Marketing Management | BMAN31312 | 20 | Optional |
Retail Marketing | BMAN31461 | 20 | Optional |
Marketing and Society | BMAN31621 | 20 | Optional |
Advanced Strategic Management | BMAN31731 | 20 | Optional |
Economic Analysis II: Corporate Development, Growth and Strategy | BMAN31881 | 20 | Optional |
Displaying 10 of 18 course units for year 3 | |||
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Course collaborators
The distinctive feature of this group of courses is the strategic involvement of world-class firms within the IT sector that partner with Alliance Manchester Business School to provide input to the course, in the form of prestigious `guru' lectures, real business problems or projects, and mentoring.
The degree has been introduced and directly supported by business and commercial input.
What our students say
Hear from current ITMB students over on our YouTube channel.
- Srishti is originally from the UAE. She talks about her transformative experience on the course, including the integrative team project and volunteering initiatives at the University.
- Ioana is originally from Romania. She talks about her experience on the course, including her full-year work placement at Procter & Gamble.
- ITMB graduate Ellis works at Amazon Web Services as an account manager. He talks about why he chose to study ITMB at Manchester and how the skills honed during his degree are relevant to his graduate role.
- ITMB graduate David works at the Bank of America. He talks about how his work placement at the Bank of America led to a graduate position.
Facilities
Resources
John Rylands University Library is renowned as one of the most extensive libraries in the world.
This is complemented by our specialist business and management Eddie Davies Library which provides a dedicated service to Alliance Manchester Business School undergraduates.
There is increasing provision of information via various web-based services and much of your reading material will be available through e-journals.
These and other standard computing services, such as access to the internet and word processing, are available through computer clusters across campus in departmental buildings, libraries and halls of residence.
Many buildings in and around the campus are also equipped with free Wi-Fi access.
Personal development plans
PDPs are aimed at helping you develop awareness of generic transferable and subject-specific skills, improve independent learning and provide a record of your academic learning and achievement.
Academic advisors
All new Alliance Manchester Business School students are allocated an academic advisor who you will meet in regular sessions as part of a first-year course unit.
Where possible, you will keep the same academic advisor throughout your time here.
Your advisor will support you throughout your studies on matters of an academic nature, from providing feedback on a practice essay in preparation for your `formal' assessment at the end of each semester to discussing your PDP or writing you a reference.
We also have a dedicated undergraduate assessment and student support centre within the School, who will be your first point of contact for any ill health or other personal problems which are affecting your work.
Student mentoring
We operate a peer mentoring scheme which aims to provide you with a second or final year 'mentor' to provide practical assistance with orientation and induction as well as advice and information on any aspect of student life.
Disability support
Careers
Career opportunities
When you graduate, you will apply technology-based solutions to strategic problems, presenting your ideas with confidence and managing their implementation.
The University has its own dedicated Careers Service that you would have full access to as a student and for two years after you graduate.
At Manchester you will have access to a number of opportunities to help boost your employability .
What jobs do our ITMB graduates go into?
Examples of jobs recent ITMB graduates have gone onto include IT consultant, trainee marketing manager, technical analyst, IT first line analyst, and finance test analyst.
Who employs them?
A wide range of companies including Credit Suisse, eBay, Bank of New York Mellon and IBM.
Employer support for ITMB
The absolutely unique thing about the ITMB degree is the amount of employer involvement, which I think is so important.
Jenny Taylor, UK Graduate, Apprenticeship and Student Programme Leader at IBM
What makes this course so exciting from an employer's viewpoint is that it delivers practical business skills from day one. This enables graduates with this unique course to progress further and faster than their counterparts.
Tracey Upton, previously UK HR Manager, IBM Global Services - now Vice President Europe Human Resources at Otsuka Pharmaceutical Companies Europe.